CLASS ACTION is a legal procedure of a considerable group of people to take joint ACTIONs against a single defendant. In this form of ACTION, one or more people representing while also being a member of a CLASS, take an ACTION for themselves and on behalf of others, regarding a common claim among the members of the CLASS. Although the members of the CLASS have no active role in the jurisdiction, they are bound to its result. Nowadays, CLASS ACTION as a form of aggregating ACTION enjoys a special status in the States legal system. CLASS ACTION provides a group of people, who does not individually have an interest in following up their trivial claims, with the opportunity to entitle their rights. The efficiency of the judicial system will enhance through this form of taking ACTIONs and seems to be economic. The prerequisites of CLASS ACTION have been explained in details in rule 23 of the Federal Civil Procedure Law and CLASS ACTION Fairness Act 2005. CLASS ACTIONs are taken in the several fields such as Consumer Rights, Anti-trust, Employment Law, Civil Law, and Environmental law, to mention a few.

ACTION research is an attempt to seek immediate solutions to the problems experienced in educational settings. In this type of research, teachers are the researchers who intend to make instant reforms to develop, and improve their teaching styles and reflect on pedagogical practices. The purpose of this study was to conduct an ACTION research to tackle the problem of students’ low motivation in English CLASSes at the medical school of Iran University of Medical Sciences in fall 2010. Participants of this study were 98 thirdsemester ESP students of medicine. To reform the situation and promote students’ motivation to participate in CLASSes more actively and eagerly, the researchers changed the syllabus by applying Kemmis and McTaggart’s (1988) cyclical model of ACTION research, and adopting task-based teaching. Data was collected by means of interviews with both teachers and students to determine the changes to be made in the syllabus, CLASSroom observations to monitor students’ behavioral changes, and a questionnaire to assess students’ attitudes towards the changes. This research study had a number of valuable outcomes the most important of which was a change in CLASSroom behavior of the students.

Introduction: Effective plaque removal is an important factor in the long-term clinical success of dental implants. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of a powered toothbrush (Power Cross-ACTION) and a manual toothbrush (Cross-ACTION) in the control of plaque and soft tissue inflammation around implants supporting mandibular overdentures.Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-over clinical trial. The subjects included 10 edentulous subjects, aged 47-73 years, with removable mandibular overdentures supported by 2 unsplinted implants, all the subjects wore maxillary complete dentures. The study consisted of two 4-week phases separated by a 2-week interval. In each phase each subject randomly used one toothbrush type. Two days prior to each phase, the implants were polished. Plaque and bleeding indices were recorded before and after brushing. Data was analyzed by t-test using SPSS software (a=0.05).Results: Both toothbrushes reduced the indices under study. Means of plaque index decreases were 0.5 in manual toothbrush and 0.44 in powered toothbrush. Means of bleeding index decreases were 0.27 in manual toothbrush and 0.3 in powered toothbrush. There were no statistically significant differences between the two toothbrush types in changing plaque index (p value=0.88) and bleeding index (p value=0.91).Conclusion: Both toothbrushes were efficient in plaque control around implants which supported mandibular overdentures and there was no difference between them. Patients can use one of these toothbrushes depending on personal preference and comfort.

Objective: Mechanical plaque removal namely tooth brushing is the most commonly used oral hygiene technique. Efficacy of tooth brushing is influenced by the design and shape of toothbrush. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of two common Iranian toothbrushes with a foreign made one in plaque removal.Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 30 female dental students in Babol University, School of Dentistry using simple randomized sampling. Oral B Cross ACTION(Germany), Panberes Cross ACTION and Panberes CLASSic (Iran) toothbrushes were compared. Students were asked not to brush their teeth for 24 hours before the first visit. At the first visit, subjects received oral prophylactic procedures and the baseline plaque index was recorded before brushing for all subjects using 0' Leary plaque index. In order to match the conditions, Bass tooth brushing technique was instructed to subjects. Students were then randomly divided into 3 groups of 10. The subjects were provided with the three toothbrushes for use in the first, second and third weeks. The plaque index was recorded after using each toothbrush for one week. Paired t-test was used to compare the efficacy of toothbrushes in plaque removal in the same subject while ANOV A was applied for the comparison between the three toothbrushes.Results: Significant reductions were observed in plaque index after using each toothbrush. Plaque index reduction was the highest for Oral B Cross ACTION and the lowest for Panberes CLASSic (P=0.001). Oral B Cross ACTION and a significant difference with Panberes CLASSic in mean plaque index reduction (P=0.018). Panberes Cross ACTION and Oral B Cross ACTION were not significantly different in this respect (P=0=797).Conclusion: Oral B Cross ACTION and Panberes Cross ACTION were not significantly different in terms of plaque index reduction. However, the mentioned two toothbrushes had a significant difference in this respect with Panberes CLASSic.

Introduction: Arbitration has a contractual nature and is subject to the sovereignty of the will of the parties, but in some cases, the legislator imposed the referral of claims to arbitration on the will of the parties and caused the contractual nature of the arbitration clause to disappear or be limited. By doing this, he has placed the arbitration outside the will of the parties. This issue causes some moral conflicts in the discussion of compulsory arbitration. Therefore, this research has been done with the purpose of examining the position of compulsory arbitration in Iran's legal system and the ethical challenges in it with a descriptive-analytical approach. Material and Methods: The research was a review method, in order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to electronic education books and virtual education in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2004 to 2022 from the databases of Civilica, Magiran, Sid, Researchgate, Science direct, was reviewed Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that compulsory arbitration in Iran has ethical challenges in the field of implementation and interpretation, the most important of which is the issue of the right to ACTION and judicial justice. In the context of ambiguities in mandatory arbitration, even if the method of arbitration becomes ambiguous, the arbitrator has the duty to find out the will of the legislator with the principles and rules of interpretation, which creates a moral conflict for the arbitrator.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal problems are the common complaints of patients refer to internal medicine clinics and the pain is the most important of them. There are different physiotherapy methods for reduction of pain and ACTION potential simulation therapy (APS therapy) is one of newest methods. The aim of this study was to determine reduction of pain with APS therapy. Materials & Methods: In 47 patients with different musculoskeletal pain APS therapy performed in 6 days each for 16 minutes and with current of 0.7-1.2 mA. Pain (VAS), Global functional status (ACR) and relief of pain (VAS) before and after study compared.Results: APS therapy reduced pain (p<0.001) and increased Global functional status (p<0.001) and increased relief of pain (p<0.005) but there was not any correlation between this reduction of pain with APS therapy and educational status and past history of physiotherapy and duration of illness in these patients.Conclusion: APS therapy is a useful physiotherapy modality for reduction of pain in musculoskeletal problems.

The United States has adopted theCLASS ACTION litigation (CAL) on a wide range of issues and has preferred private enforcement with court supervision over public enforcement, and has applied the Opt-out system on the CAL without the right for the members to leave the group, except for litigation on any damages claims. Some European countries with civil law systems, including Finland have had a pessimistic and critical view towards the American version of the CAL. They have tried to enact the CAL, to the extent possible, to the limited issues and scope of the application. On the other hand, some of these countries have adopted the Opt-in system and have a preference for public enforcement rather than private enforcement. On the contrary, supporters of the American version believe that the opponents have not provided any empirical and practical arguments for their pessimism. The supporters of the American model believe that the main reason for not accepting this model is because of the lobbying and the compromises made by the potential defendants, namely the owners of large corporations and industries on one hand and government officials and legislators on the other. Statistics show only a small number of such claims filed in these European countries' courts. The outcome of these limited requests show the ineffectiveness of the chosen method.